The magnificent National Theatre in downtown San José, Costa Rica has become a national symbol and source of pride for Costa Ricans. Its elaborate neoclassical façade and beautiful interior stand as a testament to the country’s cultural heritage. What many may not know is that this architectural jewel likely would not exist without the financial support of Costa Rica’s prosperous 19th century coffee barons.
In the late 1800s, Costa Rica experienced a coffee boom that brought wealth and development. Spanish and Italian immigrants introduced coffee cultivation to the country in the early 19th century. The combination of rich volcanic soil, high altitudes, and abundant rainfall proved excellent for growing high-quality coffee.
By the 1850s, coffee exports surpassed those of tobacco and sugar to become Costa Rica’s most valuable crop. Some of the coffee barons who amassed fortunes include Jesús Jiménez, León XIII, Cristóbal Carranza, and Saturnino Lizano Gutiérrez. Their extravagant mansions in the capital remain as reminders of the prosperity coffee brought at that time.
As coffee propelled Costa Rica onto the world stage, national leaders envisioned building a monumental National Theatre to represent the country’s culture and growing prosperity. Coffee barons were enthusiastic supporters of this nationally unifying project.
Plans for the National Theatre began taking shape in 1891, when a wealthy coffee farmer named Don Manuel Carazo met with an Italian architect named Teatro Colón. Carazo was so impressed by Teatro’s ideas that he immediately began mobilizing support for the project among fellow coffee farmers. Fundraising for the National Theatre soon took off.
Coffee barons across the country responded to requests from Carazo and other leaders to contribute financially toward construction costs. Some of the biggest donations came from coffee farmers like Lizano, Jiménez, and Carranza, whose contributions were equivalent to millions in today’s dollars. Coffee exports were generating such immense profits that wealthy plantation owners were eager to invest in a source of national pride.
With funding secured, the National Theatre broke ground in 1892. Many coffee elites attended the highly publicized inaugural ceremony in downtown San José. Famed European architects were brought in to design the magnificent building featuring a mix of art nouveau and neoclassical styles. Overseeing construction was Teatro Colón, whose vision had inspired the project.
The project was plagued by delays and setbacks, including Teatro’s untimely death in 1895. However, citizens were thrilled when the National Theatre finally opened its doors in 1897 to host performances by Costa Rica’s finest artists. The final cost was around $140,000 —paid almost entirely by coffee barons.
For decades after its grand opening, the National Theatre played a central role in Costa Rican cultural life. Its elegantly decorated performance halls hosted plays, operas, orchestras, and other events enjoyed by locals and visitors alike. Had it not been for the coffee elites who funded it, this national landmark may have never come to exist.
The prosperity that coffee brought to Costa Rica in the late 1800s made the National Theatre project viable. While the government did provide the land downtown, virtually all construction costs were covered by private donations from coffee farmers. Their eagerness to invest profits into a public monument demonstrated a sense of national unity and pride.
Today, the National Theatre remains one of Costa Rica’s most treasured sites. After undergoing renovations following an earthquake, this architectural gem was restored to its former glory in the 1990s. Visitors continue flocking to admire the elaborate interior, including famous paintings, sculptures and stained glass. Performances at the National Theatre are considered the highlight of Costa Rica’s arts scene.
As we appreciate the beauty and history of the National Theatre, it is important to recognize the visionary coffee elites who made it all possible.
Their financial backing brought Teatro Colón’s bold idea to life at a pivotal time when Costa Rica sought to assert its cultural reputation on the world stage. The next time you are in Costa Rica, gaze at the magnificent National Theatre, remember it may not have existed without the helping hand of Costa Rican coffee barons.
